Hello, and a HUGE thanks for working on this! I will also keep an eye on this thread to see how it goes.Ĭonfirmed compatibility list from members If you want to help me out a bit or give me feedback, I included some links/button in the left hamburger menu out of the way to send me an email If it works on your current setup, well you got your fan control situation sorted at least until you change your motherboard! It works great for my needs but I didn't test it on a hundred different motherboards. Please note that this is a small personal project. Saves your current configuration and reload it on startupīoard support is updated whenever the API gets an update! Multi-config support with quick-switch from tray iconĬustom name for each fan / curve / controlĪutomatic or manual matching between your controls and fan speeds So I decided to make my own lightweight application with the OpenHardwareMonitorLib API, and here is what I got so far. The existing UI is a HWMonitor clone that allows to set a manual fan speed to any fan, but no temperature/speed fan curve here. OpenHardwareMonitor is divided into two parts, an API to interact with your hardware ( CPU, RAM, Fans. However, thanks to the code base being open sourced, there are a couple of active branches, LibreHardwareMonitor being the best one I found, supporting my MSI Z390 Edge AC board and being updated regularly. The first link is an original project which could be downloaded here , but just like SpeedFan, the project is not updated anymore. I searched around for an alternative software with this particular feature and only found a paid option (Angus Monitor). (My BIOS only supports CPU temperature as a temperature source for the PWM fans). I used it to bind my case fans speed to the hottest component of my PC, my GPU. The main feature I used was the custom fan curves with custom temperature sources. This way you can keep an eye on all component temps and get an idea about how cool or hot your PC is.I built a new custom UI on top of OpenHardwareMonitor with additional features, mainly linear fan curves with custom temperature sources.Īs you guys may know, SpeedFan is sadly not updated anymore, so newer boards are not detected properly. With this application, you can very easily monitor temperatures both for your CPU and ultimately for your GPU. Most fan controllers don't display system-related information unless it has to do with the fans themselves. The idea behind the fans working with these types of programs lies in the PWM controller which is basically represented by the fourth pin on all fan connectors. Those will not work with speed controlling software. The problem arises if you're dealing with older design three or two-pin fans. Now, in most cases you'd be dealing with a four-pin version which ultimately means you can control the speed of your fans through any specialized software, such as FanCtrl. When you install your fan in the case and place the connector on your motherboard, you'll notice there's a number of pins on the fan. The second of the two requirements can be achieved with FanCtrl (or FanControl). What you need is lots of fans inside your case and a smart way to control their speed. If you're relying on your PC heavily, regardless of the reason, be it gaming or programming, there's no doubt the temperature inside your components is spiking up like crazy.
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Accordingly, the information provided should not be relied upon as a substitute for independent research. does not have any responsibility for updating or revising any information presented herein. No assurance is given that the information is comprehensive in its coverage or that it is suitable in dealing with a customer’s particular situation. Applicable laws may vary by state or locality. Additional information and exceptions may apply. This content is for information purposes only and should not be considered legal, accounting, or tax advice, or a substitute for obtaining such advice specific to your business. Owners who routinely consider overhead are more efficient when managing company finances. Knowing how to calculate overhead will put your business in a much better position to succeed. (Monthly Overhead ÷ Monthly Labor Cost) x 100 = Percentage of Overhead Cost to Labor With labor costs rising so rapidly, you’ll want to cut back on overhead expenses. wage increased by 3% between March 2018 and March 2019. The Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that the average U.S. You can also measure your overhead costs compared to your labor costs. (Monthly Overhead ÷ Monthly Sales) x 100 = Percentage of Overhead Cost to Sales Once you’ve figured out your monthly sales, you can calculate your overhead ratio with the following equation: Then look at the company’s income statement to determine your monthly sales. Once you’ve sorted your expenses, add up all of the indirect costs for the month. When doing so, ask yourself, “Does this expense result in the production of a good or service?” Once you’ve identified all of your business expenses, you’ll want to sort them into two categories: direct and indirect expenses. Look through your financial statements to ensure that you pinpoint each one of your costs. To calculate business overhead, you’ll need to first comb through every specific business activity, listing all of your expenses. Furthermore, a small overhead could also allow you to increase your profit margins, boosting your bottom line. Lower overhead ratios provide business owners with a competitive advantage.Ī low overhead rate will allow you to better price your products, making you a more attractive option than your competition. A small overhead proportion means that a high percentage of your expenses go directly toward the production of a good or service. Your goal as a business owner should be to keep your overhead proportion as low as possible. The most common way to calculate overhead costs is as a percentage of sales or labor costs. By adding direct expenses and overhead costs on the income statement, you’ll see the total costs for your business.Īs a small business owner, you should know how to calculate overhead costs. Direct costs, which can include direct labor and direct materials, are ones associated with the creation of a product or service. Overhead costs are notably different from direct costs. For instance, your rent payment tends to stay the same from month to month. Additionally, overhead costs tend to be fixed.
Though this encounter is considered one of the easiest ones to pass. Not that many players succeed in completing the challenge after a few attempts. It may take some time to get used to enemies’ mechanics and core abilities. You are to deal with the boss and her imps on your own. Unfortunately, you will have no other players or NPCs to rely on. In fact, some of them even make her completely invulnerable to any type of damage. Some of them deal damage to you while others restore her HP. She will also summon an army of imps to help her. Your main enemy will be Agatha who will not fight you on her own. The encounter you should be prepared for is called An Impossible Foe and consists of 3 stages. Once you are there, talk to the NPC and you will be teleported to the arena where the fight begins. By using Dalaran Hearthstone, you can significantly save time, as the required destination is 2 minutes away from Dalaran. To see what challenge awaits you in the Mage Tower when playing Feral Druid, find War Councilor Victoria who is waiting for you at Deliverance Point. Make sure to read the article to the end to learn everything we have mentioned and more. On top of that, we will provide information concerning BiS gear and the most optimal talent setup. We will share several tips and tricks you can use to defeat the boss easier. In this guide, we would like to overview the Feral Druid Mage Tower Dragonflight gameplay. No man or woman really knows what perfect love is until they have been married a quarter of a century." - Mark Twain "Love seems the swiftest but it is the slowest of all growths."You know you're in love when you don't want to fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams." - Dr."I love you not only for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you." - Elizabeth Barrett Browning."If I know what love is, it is because of you." - Herman Hesse, Narcissus and Goldmund."Do I love you? My god, if your love were a grain of sand, mine would be a universe of beaches." - William Goldman, The Princess Bride. "Love is passion, obsession, someone you can't live without." - William Parrish.In all the world, there is no love for you like mine." - Maya Angelou "In all the world, there is no heart for me like yours.Et lorsque j'ai enfin appris à cesser de m'en inquiéter, l'absolution ainsi conférée est arrivée avec une étonnante abondance de réconfort et de soulagement. Tout le reste résidait dans le giron énigmatique des dieux présentement en charge. Bref, j'ai conclus que je n'avais aucun pouvoir sur ce qui se passait en dehors de ma tête. Le plus important, c'est que, l'un comme l'autre, nous avons arrêté de nous torturer la cervelle avec des questions qui nous dépassaient, et nous nous sommes contentés de veiller sur ces mauvaises herbes.Īu lieu de rêver de justice, j'espérais simplement quelques bons moments entre amis au lieu de réunir des preuves et de concocter des arguments, je me contentais de me régaler des bribes de juteuses nouvelles venues du monde extérieur au lieu de soupirer après de vastes paysages depuis longtemps hors de portée, je m'émerveillais des moindres détails, des plus intimes changements survenus dans ma cellule. Pour sûr, tout aurait été différent si elle avait pu compter sur un horaire de chemins de fer fiable, et moi sur un procès en bonne et due forme. Et aux dernières nouvelles, elle est toujours là-bas, à attendre.Ĭomme moi, elle n'est allée nulle part, finalement comme elle, j'ai cessé de m'énerver pour ça. Quand vous lui demandez si le train va enfin arriver, elle se contente de sourire, de hausser les épaules et de se remettre à arracher les mauvaises herbes entre les rails. Elle conjure les souvenirs du village qu'elle a laissé derrière elle, récite les noms de ses parents proches ou éloignés. Chaque journée apporte son lot de petites joies et de menus chagrins. Maintenant, la vieille femme se sent chez elle : elle sème et récolte ses modestes moissons, accomplit les tâches de chaque saison et empêche les broussailles d'envahir la voie ferrée pour que le cheminot voie bien où il devra passer.Įlle n'est pas plus heureuse qu'avant, ni plus malheureuse. Les jours forment des semaines, les semaines des mois, les mois des années. Mais le fait est qu'en ce monde personne ne peut être complètement sûr de rien, n'est-ce pas ? La seule certitude, c'est que pour attendre plus longtemps qu'une vieille paysanne russe, il faut savoir patienter sans fin.Īu début, elle se blottit au milieu de ses baluchons, le regard en alerte afin de ne pas manquer la première volute de fumée à l'horizon. Mouais, pas très fiable, ce plan, ricaneront certains. Cependant, sa stratégie a pris en compte jusqu'à cette éventualité : le seul moyen de savoir s'il y aura un train ou pas, c'est d'attendre suffisamment longtemps !Ĭombien de temps ? Qui peut le dire ? Après tout, il se peut que le train surgisse immédiatement après qu'elle a renoncé et s'en est allée, et dans ce cas, toute cette attente, si longue eût-elle été, aurait été en vain. Évidemment, il se peut que ce convoi n'arrive jamais, ni un autre. Quel autre moyen d'être sûre d'attraper le train que de se trouver déjà sur place lorsqu'il se présentera ? Et le seul moyen d'être là à l'instant voulu, c'est de rester là sans arrêt. Vu la taille du pays, et le désordre de ces temps, c'est une information aussi précise que toute personne douée de raison est en droit d'exiger, et puisque la vieille n'est pas moins raisonnable que quiconque, elle rassemble ses baluchons de nourriture, ainsi que tout l’attirail nécessaire au voyage, avant de se oser à côté de la voie ferrée. Peu après la révolution, ou après une guerre ou une autre, la confusion règne au point que personne n'a idée de quand va pointer la nouvelle aube, et encore moins de quand va arriver le prochain train, mais la campagnarde chenue a entendu dire que celui-ci est prévu pour tantôt. “Pour résumer : chaque jour, je ressemblais davantage à la vieille paysanne russe attendant le train. The billing period covered by each statement can be from 28-33 days. For residents of Quebec, the period between the statement date and the due date for payment is 26 days. The minimum payment is the sum of (a) the greater of: (i) interest and fees shown on your statement + $10 or (ii) 5% of the New Balance, excluding amounts on special payment plans, (b) any balance over your credit limit, (c) any amounts past due not included in (b) above, and (d) the amount of any equal payments plan instalments then due. Some applicants may receive a higher or lower regular annual rate depending on a credit evaluation. Offer subject to change without notice.Īdditional information for residents of Quebec only: The regular annual rate for persons applying for the Triangle Mastercard and the Triangle World Elite Mastercard is 22.99% for cash transactions and related fees and 20.99% for all other charges. Any unpaid portion not received by the due date will no longer form part of the equal payments plan and interest will accrue on that amount from the day after the date of your next statement at the applicable regular annual rate. Each month during an equal payments plan you are required to pay in full by the due date that month’s equal payments plan instalment. There is no administration fee charged for entering into a special payments plan. However, if we do not receive the full minimum due on a statement within 59 days of the date of that statement, or any event of default (other than a payment default) occurs under your Cardmember Agreement, all special payment plans on your account will terminate and (i) you will then be charged interest on the balances outstanding on such plans at the applicable regular annual rate from the day after the date of your next statement, and (ii) the balances outstanding will form part of the balance due on that statement. Interest does not accrue during the period of the plan. Dealers may sell for less.įinancing available is “Equal payments, no interest” for 24 months (unless otherwise stated) and is only available on request, on approved credit and on purchases of $150 (unless otherwise stated) or more (Gift Cards excluded) made with your Triangle credit card at Canadian Tire, Sport Chek, Mark’s, L’Équipeur, Atmosphere, Sports Rousseau, Hockey Experts, L’Entrepôt du Hockey and participating Sports Experts. **Online prices and sale effective dates may differ from those in-store and may vary by region. ±Was price reflects the last national regular price this product was sold for. The tire producer / manufacturer and Canadian Tire uses this fee to pay for the collection, transportation, and processing of used tires.ĬANADIAN TIRE® and the CANADIAN TIRE T riangle Design are registered trade-marks of Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited. △The tire producer / manufacturer of the tires you are buying, and Canadian Tire is responsible for the recycling fee that is included in your invoice. All you need is your vehicle’s year, make, and model and you will be provided with a customized list of results. What information do I need to find replacement auto parts?Ĭanadian Tire has an auto part lookup tool at the top of the page to make shopping for the right parts online easier. For any job your car or truck requires, Canadian Tire has the replacement auto parts you’re looking for. Hearing banging and hissing noises while driving could mean that you need to have your exhaust system replaced. Look for a fresh set of wiper blades if you experience a decrease in road visibility during snow or rainfall. If you’re experiencing signs that you need a brake job, you may need replacement brake pads or other components to ensure your vehicle is stopping smoothly. How do I know what parts I need for my car or truck?īefore purchasing, diagnose which areas of your vehicle need new parts or repair. From engine filters to halogen light bulbs, brake system tools, wiper blades, spark plugs, and much more, we have the parts for all your automotive needs. Whether you’re looking for reliable auto parts for maintenance, replacements or upgrades, steering and alignment, and engine maintenance, Canadian Tire offers a broad selection of parts. Some info is taken from other topics, e.g., "Overwite files. If you think an important fact is missing in this FAQ, please let me know. As written above "NConvert" is not as easy to use as XnView. There are many info sites (maybe even free books) available on the Internet. Before posting a general problem regarding command line or batch scripting here, please try to find out a solution using the web. There are many more possible problems and traps, far too many to list or explain here. You have to either specify the path "C:\Program Files\XnView\nconvert.exe" or set your environment variable "PATH".īatch scripting and using the command line is not trivial. The reason for this is that the command "nconvert" is not found. For example, you might receive an error message "Bad command or filename". It might be very hard for novices to create their first batch script, or even to get the command line running. A large number of functions are available and multiple operations can be configured and applied in one step. The functionality is the same as NConvert, except controlled via the XnView GUI rather than the command line. More info on how to use the command prompt and batch scripting in general can be found by searching the web. Batch conversion is used for applying various graphical operations to an image, or set of images. This is surely just a basic introduction. You can just browse the topic titles or use the "Search" function on this board and limit your search to the forum group "NConvert", if needed. In this forum group, various "NConvert" questions have been posed and answered. If you are happy with the result of your Batch Conversion and want to use it as template for an automatic conversion using NConvert, you can export it by clicking on the "Export Batch for NConvert" button. See FAQ "How to convert several images at once". As you might know, you can do Batch Conversion in XnView. You can use XnView and comfortably create the script for NConvert. For example, 'Filter->Blur->Average' maps to the -average option. So you can start XnView, open an image, and have a look at the filters and effects available. Most options of NConvert have the same name as in the user interface of XnView. ī.) Export a script for NConvert in XnView You open a command line window using Start > Programs > Accessories > Command prompt. By using the character "|", the output of any DOS program (here: nconvert) can be piped (=directed) to another program (here: more). "more" is not an option of XnView, but a DOS program which simply outputs the input it gets page by page. This output is also listed in topic "Command line options of NConvert". "C:\Program Files\xnview\nconvert -help > nconvert.txt") and then open the help in any text editor. You can also redirect output to a file (e. This will redirect the output to "more" which will show the output page by page. Code: Select all "C:\Program Files\xnview\nconvert -help | more" Thanks to HelpNDoc’s very powerful API and script editor, you will be able to quickly and easily achieve things which are impossible with any other Help Authoring Tools: Automate help and documentation generation, export topic identifiers, simplify time-consuming tasks… the possibilities are endless! So take a look at HelpNDoc’s huge list of available API methods and start automating your help, documentation and eBook writing now. Getting help | Gettinghelp | 5 HelpNDoc’s API will help you save time System requirements | Systemrequirements | 4 This way, you won’t have to do the developer’s job and the developer won’t need to have to access the help file’s structure. Step 2 Click Insert / Remove anchor in the Links section of the Insert ribbon tab. The anchor will be placed immediately above this location. You can click a word or place your cursor immediately before it. You can now send that file to your developers so that they can wire the application or web-site with the help file you are currently writing. Step 1 Place your cursor in the text editor where you’d like to insert the anchor. Create the file aList.SaveToFile(OUTPUT_FILE) īy running this script, HelpNDoc will generate a file located at “c:\tmp\topics.txt” (this can be customized in the script above) with a list of all the topics available in the current project. Get next topic aTopicId := HndTopics.GetTopicNext(aTopicId) Add the topic to the list aList.Add(Format( '%s | %s | %d ', [ Loop through all topics while aTopicId '' do begin Try // Get first topic aTopicId := HndTopics.GetTopicFirst() Advanced CHM help settings such as visible toolbar buttons, help window’s size and position are easily accessible from HelpNDoc’s straightforward user interface. Init list aList := TStringList.Create ĪList.Add( 'Topic Caption | Help ID | Help Context ') ĪList.Add( '- ') HelpNDoc provides easy ways to greatly customize the generated CHM help files: by changing advanced CHM settings, or tailoring the whole documentation’s look and feel. To do this, simply add the document to your library. Var // List of output aList: TStringList This allows you to use HelpNDocs powerful generation engine without having to convert your content first. Var // Current topic ID aTopicId: string We will use it to create a file with a list of topic identifiers.Ĭonst // Define the output file OUTPUT_FILE = 'c: \tmp \topics.txt ' HelpNDoc includes a very powerful API which can be used from the Script Editor to maintain and automate your projects. Thanks to HelpNDoc’s very powerful script editor, you can easily do that! Use HelpNDoc’s API to automate that job But as a technical writer, you probably won’t be in charge of “wiring” that application or web-site with the help file and you’d rather send a list of topic identifiers to the developers in charge. This makes it possible to reach a specific topic from your software application or web-site. Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL address. The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader. For that purpose, Help Authoring Tools such as HelpNDoc provide two unique identifiers for each topic: an alpha-numeric Help ID and a numeric Help Context number. The new HelpNDoc 6.6 includes many other enhancements such as the ability to quickly run a script from HelpNDoc’s main window: use the arrow at the bottom of the Script Editor button to select, load and run a script with a single click. It has the following syntax: link text The most important attribute of the element is the href attribute, which indicates the link's destination.Lists Unordered Lists Ordered Lists Other Lists HTML Block & Inline HTML Classes HTML Id HTML Iframes HTML JavaScript HTML File Paths HTML Head HTML Layout HTML Responsive HTML Computercode HTML Semantics HTML Style Guide HTML Entities HTML Symbols HTML Emojis HTML Charset HTML URL Encode HTML vs.Once you’ve written your help file or documentation web-site, you’d usually like to be able to integrate it with your existing products: when users are having difficulties performing an action, they should be able to launch the help file and be presented with the correct associated topic explaining that specific action.Demos are usually not time-limited (like Trial software) but the functionality is limited. In some cases, all the functionality is disabled until the license is purchased. Demoĭemo programs have a limited functionality for free, but charge for an advanced set of features or for the removal of advertisements from the program's interfaces. In some cases, ads may be show to the users. Basically, a product is offered Free to Play (Freemium) and the user can decide if he wants to pay the money (Premium) for additional features, services, virtual or physical goods that expand the functionality of the game. This license is commonly used for video games and it allows users to download and play the game for free. There are many different open source licenses but they all must comply with the Open Source Definition - in brief: the software can be freely used, modified and shared. Programs released under this license can be used at no cost for both personal and commercial purposes. Open Source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify or enhance. Freeware products can be used free of charge for both personal and professional (commercial use). Also Available: XMedia Recode (32-bit)įreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations. Note: Requires DirectX 9 and Nvidia GPU driver 347.09 or higher.
Her kit seems very one-dimensional, which only makes her suitable for solo lanes. Riot Games have listed Gwen as a top laner, and rightfully so. How does Gwen fair against meta champions? Team fights need to be played very carefully as one misstep can lead to instant death due to her being squishy. However, she struggles against crowd control and can easily be burst down. She can efficiently split push, take turrets, and can also duel with most champions. This makes her a nightmare to deal with in the late game, as she can simply cast W to gain a bunch of resistances but has the potential to instantly eliminate squishy targets. She also gets bonus magic resistance and armor from her W depending upon the overall AP. This also makes her build path more flexible as she can go for both AP heavy or a more attack-speed oriented build. Once her E is fully maxed, the attack speed bonus that it provides has permanent uptime even without any ability haste. The mid and late-game is where Gwen shines most. Playing around jungle ganks is important as it will give Gwen a proper setup to use her abilities effectively. It's also important to weave auto attacks between her abilities to keep her damage consistent and high. This will allow Gwen to use her passive effectively and heal regularly. The best approach for playing Gwen in the laning phase is to go for short skirmishes instead of plunging all in. An option is to go for Lethal Tempo for a more bursty build. One of the major drawbacks of Gwen is that her Q is pretty easy to dodge and even when fully stacked, it’s hard to land all 6 snips unless the target is crowd-controlled in some way.Ĭonqueror is the most popular way to build Gwen to further increase her healing/sustain. It also affects her ultimate, as attacking the enemy within 8 seconds of using it grants a subsequent cast(up to 3). Fumbling even one step can result in a loss of passive stacks, which will then curb the Q damage. Gwen heavily relies on her combos to maximize damage and struggles against champions that can disrupt that. Cast R for the 2nd time, maxing out Passive’s stacks.Close distance with E, giving yourself attack speed buff.The damage dealt should be enough to take down carries or any squishy target. You can finish the combo with casting R for the final time. The slow debuff will buy you enough time to reposition and cast Q, which will now deal maximum damage with a fully stacked passive. This sequence will also give you another cast of R and will apply the slow debuff on the target. E will also grant bonus attack speed which should be efficiently used to stack her passive by quickly auto-attacking four times. Follow up by E to close the distance to the target. In a team fight, start with R as it will automatically proc Lethal Tempo or trigger the Conqueror stacks depending on which runes you take. There is a charge time on her Q before she lays out her damage, and like many abilities in the game, players can cancel the charge animation by instantly using E or Flash after using Q. Without a decent amount of stacks on her passive, her Q damage is lackluster and will barely trouble the enemy. For every stack in Gwen's passive, she will add an extra snip on her Q ability, for a total of 6 at max stacks. Stack passive to increase number of Q snipsĪuto attacking enemies will grant Gwen a stack of passive, and it can go up to a maximum of 4 stacks.Players can skip Sorcerer's Shoes as well and instead go for Berserker's Greaves for additional attack speed. In that case, max out E first as it provides bonus attack speed, and prioritize Kraken Slayer, followed by Nashor's Tooth and Blade of the Ruined King. After that, players can either add more damage by building Rabadon's Deathcap and Void Staff or go for defensive items such as Zhonya's Hourglass and Spirit Visage/Dead Man's Plate.Īn attack speed focused build is also an option. Items such as Rift Maker, Lich Bane, and Nashor's Tooth generally complete her core build. It scales very well with AP and should be maxed first in most cases. This is mainly due to mediocre stats and her dependency on items for scaling. However, she has a weak early game and can be bullied out of the lane. Gwen is built for dueling and thrives in the side lanes. Here is our first impression of Riot Games' latest addition to the game, gathered from extensively testing her on the PBE. She packs a lot of damage in her kit, but it comes with a caveat. The Hallowed Seamstress is an AP bruiser with strong dueling potential. Gwen is the latest champion joining League of Legends' long roster, now officially out of the PBE and into the live servers. PSA aligns each pair of sequences once at a time. Of which, PSA and MSA are most widely used. Various kinds of methods have been proposed for creating an alignment, including pair-wise sequence alignment (PSA), multiple sequence alignments (MSA), profile-based methods, prediction-based methods, and structure-based methods, etc. Such information got from sequence alignment analyses could be used to map onto protein 3D structure and help deducing potential function of the protein. Sequence alignment could detect motifs and important functional or structural residues such as binding sites, etc. In the field of database query, protein sequence alignment algorithms such as BLAST, FASTA, dynamic programming methods and other methods enable researchers to compare a query protein sequence with databases or library to get similar sequences of the input sequence. Many protein databases covered protein family information had been built based on sequence alignments such as PROSITE, Pfam, and ProDom, etc. As a result, protein sequence alignments analyses become a crucial step for many bioinformatics analysis studies during the past decades. Protein sequence alignments could identify regions of similarity that may reflect biological relationships among the input sequences. Protein sequence alignments, as an effective and intuitive way of identifying homologous regions among sequences, play a fundamental role in various biomedical researches such as database construction and query, prediction of protein structure and function, etc. These results validated that the drawbacks of MSA methods revealed in nucleotide level also existed in protein sequence alignment analyses and affect the accuracy of results. Analyses on the 80 re-sampled benchmark datasets constructed by randomly choosing 90% of each dataset 10 times showed similar results. Results showed that PSA methods performed better than MSA methods on most of the BAliBASE benchmark datasets. This strategy could avoid the influence brought by different clustering methods thus make results more dependable. Compared with former studies, we calculate the cluster validity score based on sequence distances instead of clustering results. This new framework directly reflects the biological ground truth of the application scenarios that adopt sequence alignments, and evaluates the alignment quality according to the achievement of the biological goal, rather than the comparison on sequence level only, which averts the biases introduced by alignment scores or manual alignment templates. To test whether similar drawbacks also influence protein sequence alignment analyses, we propose a new benchmark framework for protein clustering based on cluster validity. Former benchmark studies revealed drawbacks of MSA methods on nucleotide sequence alignments. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and pair-wise sequence alignment (PSA) are two major approaches in sequence alignment. Protein sequence alignment analyses have become a crucial step for many bioinformatics studies during the past decades. |
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